An adverbial clause is a clause that functions as an adverb. In other words, it contains a subject (explicit or implied) and a predicate, and it modifies a verb.
- I saw Joe when I went to the store. (explicit subject I)
- He sat quietly in order to appear polite. (implied subject he)
According to Sidney Greenbaum and Randolph Quirk, adverbial clauses function mainly as adjuncts or disjuncts. In these functions they are like adverbial phrases, but due to their potentiality for greater explicitness, they are more often like prepositional phrases (Greenbaum and Quirk,1990):
- We left after the speeches ended. (Is it an adverbial clause, adverbial phrase, or prepositional phrase?)
- We left after the end of the speeches.(Is it an adverbial clause, adverbial phrase, or prepositional phrase?)
- I like to fly kites for fun
Kinds of adverbial clauses
1. Times clauses
These clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event.
when, before, after, since, while, as, as long as, until,till, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "when?"); hardly, scarcely, no sooner, etc.
example
· Shut the door before you go out.
· You may begin when(ever) you are ready.
· While he was walking home, he saw an accident.
· By the time I arrive, Alex will have left. No sooner had she entered than he gave an order.
2. Conditional clauses
These clauses are used to talk about a possible situation and its consequences
if, unless, if, even if, unless, in the even that, or in even that, in case, provided (that), providing (that), on condition that, if only, suppose (that), supposing (that), dll.
example
· If I see him, I will invite him to the party tomorrow.
· She would forgive her husband everything, if only he would come back to her.
· Suppose (that) your house burns down, do you have enough insurance to cover such a loss.
· In case a robbery occurs in the hotel, the management must be notified at once.
3. Purpose clauses
These clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action.
(in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, dll.
Example
· They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
· She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
· He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.
· I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.
4. Reason clauses
These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something.
because, since, as, given
example
· Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.
· Since he's not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.
· As she had nothing in particular to do, she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie.
· Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still remote.
5. Result clauses
These clauses are used to indicate the result of something
So, that, , so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case
Example
· They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
· She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
· He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.
· I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.
6. Concessive clauses
These clauses are used to make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising
although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time
example
· As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.
· Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.
· Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer.
· He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.
7. Place clauses
These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something.
where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "where?")
example
· They sat down wherever they could find empty seats
· The guard stood where he was positioned.
· Where there is a will, there is a way.
· Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.
8. Clauses of manner
These clauses are used to talk about someone's behaviour or the way something is done.
as, like, the way
example
· He did as I told him.
· You may finish it how you like.
· They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.
9. Clauses of exclamation
Exclamations are used to express anger, fear, shock, surprise etc. They always take an exclamation mark (!).
what a(an), how, such, so
example
· What horrible news!
· How fast she types!
· You lucky man!
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